Heat pumps are energy-efficient alternatives to central HVAC systems, but there are many considerations for heat pump installation. A heat pump can provide reliable heating in winter and cooling in summer. It can lower your carbon footprint, but only if the system is properly selected and set up. From sizing a unit to picking a suitable location to managing costs, the following considerations will help you plan for a successful heat pump installation.
Type of Heat Pump
Different types of heat pumps are available. The most cost-effective one depends on your property, climate, and budget. Having the best-suited type can optimize your comfort. To help you make informed decisions during the planning process, here are the most common types of residential heat pumps:
- Air-Source Heat Pumps: Able to move heat from inside a home to outside, air-source systems work best in moderate climates. Generally, air-source units are less efficient in cold weather and may require a supplemental heat source such as a furnace. However, newer models are engineered to work in temperatures as low as -15℉.
A disadvantage of air-source models, aside from cold weather inefficiencies, is the noise an outdoor unit can generate. This is a consideration when placing it near a living space.
- Geothermal Heat Pumps: Also known as ground-source heat pumps, these take advantage of year-round stable temperatures below ground. Heat is drawn up or released via a horizontal or vertical ground loop. Since ground temperatures don’t change much throughout the year, geothermal systems work in various climates.
However, ground-source heat pumps are more expensive upfront. They require drilling or excavation, not to mention enough land area for the ground loop.
- Water-Source Heat Pumps: Instead of heat from underground, these leverage the stable temperature of water from a nearby well, lake, or pond. They are less common but suited for properties with limited land area. When installed in a suitable location, they can be highly efficient.
Nonetheless, access to nearby water is a must. Sediment and biological growth can also be problematic; frequent maintenance may be required depending on water quality.
Climate
Climate is also an important consideration when planning for heat pump installation. If you live in a mild climate, an air-source heat pump should meet your needs. In areas with extreme temperatures, ground- or water-source heat pumps can be more effective.
Technological advancements are making heat pumps more versatile. For example, an air-source system with inverter technology functions more efficiently in colder temperatures. However, this depends on how often extreme cold affects your area. Some heat pumps also feature humidity control, which is beneficial in hot, muggy climates.
Efficiency
These are the main factors to consider with heat pump efficiency:
- Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER): A system’s SEER rating is its cooling output during the season divided by its total energy input. The higher its SEER rating, the more efficient a heat pump is. Under new standards, updated in 2023, HVAC systems installed in Salem must be rated at least 16 SEER.
- Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER): In contrast, the EER of a cooling system is the ratio of cooling energy output in British Thermal Units (BTUs) to the electricity it uses (in watt-hours). To calculate EER, divide the system’s cooling capacity by its electrical input.
- Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF): Measures an air-source heat pump’s ratio of heat output over the season to the electricity it consumes. An electrical resistance heater has an HSPF of 3.41. This is not considered energy efficient. However, a heat pump with an HSPF of 9 or greater is a high-efficiency unit.
A product’s energy efficiency ratings should be listed in any product literature. You’ll also find them on the packaging or a label on the equipment. When planning a heat pump installation, these numbers allow you to compare different products and estimate how efficient they can be over time.
Size/Capacity
A qualified HVAC contractor has the knowledge to match a heat pump’s size with your home. Only a properly sized heat pump can work at peak efficiency. If it’s the wrong size, reduced efficiency is just one concern. The system will also be more costly to run, while increased wear can result in frequent, expensive repairs.
Too small a heat pump will run constantly yet not achieve the right temperature. Too large a system will short cycle. It may reach the set temperature quickly, but the unit will turn off too soon, leaving uneven temperatures throughout your home and wasting energy. Frequent cycling also strains the system and can reduce its lifespan.
An HVAC professional performs a load calculation to determine the best-sized heat pump for your home. It accounts for the size of your living space and factors including:
- Layout: Heating and cooling requirements differ for open spaces than for small rooms.
- Insulation: The more effective your home’s insulation, the less heating or cooling that’s needed.
- Windows: The number of windows, their type, and their orientation to the sun influences heat gain or loss.
- Climate: Local average temperatures and humidity levels help determine the required heating or cooling capacity.
- Occupancy: The ideal heat pump size depends on how many people live in your home and their preferred thermostat settings.
Location In Your Home
During heat pump installation, the system must be connected to your ductwork and electrical system (ventilation and electrical capacity updates may be needed, increasing installation costs). However, these aren’t the only considerations for locating equipment. Various factors must be considered when determining placement for the indoor and outdoor units.
Indoor Unit
The following considerations determine the best placement for the indoor unit:
- Rising Heat: Heat naturally rises. Therefore, a unit in heating mode on a lower floor can help heat the floor above it, but not below. And, cool air will not travel to higher floors. A stairway is unlikely to allow heated or cooled air to pass through.
- Air Flow: Airflow differs in every building. An installer must consider factors such as open spaces, which are easier to heat or cool from a single unit. However, conditioned air struggles to pass through walls, closed doors, and other barriers.
- Thermostat Placement: In addition to the indoor unit’s location, the thermostat’s location is also important. Avoid placing a thermostat near a heat source. It may never fall below its setpoint, so it won’t trigger the system to provide heat. Poor placement can have a serious impact on comfort and efficiency.
- Unit Installation: An indoor unit is most effective when placed high on a wall. However, it can be hard to access and clean. The type of indoor unit is another important consideration. Your options include the following:
- Ceiling-Mounted Units: The indoor unit is mounted above the ceiling, leaving only the vent visible. It’s often installed above a suspended ceiling or under an attic floor, so it is hardly noticeable.
- Wall Units: An air handler on a wall requires significant wall space, but it’s mounted high and can heat or cool a large area.
- Floor Units: Mounted close to the floor, these are less visible. But like ceiling cassettes, they are less efficient than wall-mounted units. Improperly placed furniture can restrict airflow.
Ductless vs. Ducted Heat Pumps
Ductless systems are available. They are easier to install and more efficient. Installation costs vary, as multiple evaporator units may be needed to serve your entire home. Heat pumps can also be connected to centrally ducted systems so one unit can heat or cool your entire house. Compact ducts can be used in short runs for units above the ceiling or below the floor, allowing one unit to serve several small rooms.
Unless the system is set up for zoning (a benefit of a ductless mini-split system with multiple air handlers), a shared thermostat will provide the same heating/cooling to all rooms. However, a ducted unit can work well if properly set up. When installing one, consider the following:
- Install ductwork in conditioned spaces whenever possible. If not, make sure ducts in unconditioned areas are properly sealed and insulated.
- Place the filter in an easy-to-access location. Meanwhile, an airtight cover should protect an in-duct filter slot.
- Balance the duct system by adjusting airflow to the heating demand; installing a damper in each room can improve performance.
Outside
Outdoor units are flexible as to where they’re installed. They can be placed more than 50 feet from indoor air handlers; you can fit the condenser under a deck or away from a bedroom or other living space. However, avoid squeezing the unit where airflow is obstructed or it can make opening a door or window difficult.
Also, consider a location where it’s easy to service. This can make maintenance more time and cost-efficient. Another concern is water. Avoid placing the unit in the path of water flow, such as under a roof gutter or downspout. Water from the unit can also cause problems during a defrost cycle. Therefore, place it away from walkways where dripping water can freeze and cause a slip hazard.
Single-Zone vs. Multi-Zone Configurations
In a single-zone system, there’s one outdoor unit for each indoor unit, which improves efficiency and dehumidification. Other units can still function even if one fails. You can also set each unit to a different mode.
Multi-zone systems, which connect two or more indoor units to each outdoor unit, require less outdoor space and are less visible. This configuration also reduces upfront and maintenance costs. But while the temperature of each unit can be set individually, heat from one room can transfer to other rooms.
Mounting Options
The unit should be mounted higher to keep it above the snow. Mounting options include foundation brackets, which minimize noise and don’t interfere with lawn equipment. Ground stands reduce noise but can be damaged by frost, while wall mounts eliminate concerns over contact with shovels or mowers but can transmit noise inside.
Where to Put Line Sets
Line sets are the copper tubes and wiring that connect the indoor and outdoor units. Running them through a closet, basement, garage, attic, or crawlspace can simplify heat pump installation. A line set requires a small hole in an exterior wall and can be connected behind a wall unit (keeping it out of sight). Outdoor line set covers can match your house’s exterior to conceal unsightly tubes and wires.
The Cost of Heat Pump Installation
According to Forbes, the average cost of installing a heat pump system is over $10,000. However, it can range from $1,500 to well over $20,000. Costs can vary considerably depending on the following factors:
- Type of Heat Pump: Air-source heat pumps tend to be more affordable than ground-source systems. Water-source heat pumps can vary even more in cost. System size, complexity, and environmental conditions affect the cost of any project.
- Operating Costs: Higher energy efficiency translates to reduced operating costs. However, actual energy savings depend on the unit’s efficiency, your local climate, and electricity rates. Your home’s insulation also plays a role. Also, consider the cost of changing or cleaning filters and annual inspections.
- Rebates/Incentives: Federal tax credits, utility company rebates, and other incentives can reduce the cost of heat pump installation. Research available incentives with your HVAC installer and by contacting local agencies. Also, consider the long-term energy savings over the unit’s lifespan, which can be 15 to 25 years.
Professional Installation
Hiring a heat pump installation professional ensures the right unit is selected and the process is safe, efficient, and code-compliant. A licensed contractor ensures your heat pump is set up properly. Advanced skills, tools, and expertise are required to install components, handle refrigerants, and manage electrical work. Without the right experience, your heat pump may be a safety hazard and provide inadequate heating or cooling. It may also be more costly to operate.
A contractor charges labor, materials, and other fees. However, professional installation saves money by reducing the number of repairs. It also avoids code violations and warranty issues. You also have access to valuable advice and troubleshooting help whenever you need them.
Call Air Stars to Schedule Heat Pump Installation
We provide professional heat pump services in Salem and surrounding areas. Whether you’re planning an HVAC system upgrade or considering alternatives to replacing your heat pump, our highly trained, skilled professionals find the right solution for you. They also help with heat pump repair or maintenance. To schedule service and learn about our maintenance plans or special offers, call (503) 461-4014 today.
